Overview
Nail fungus, often caused by Trichophyton rubrum or Tinea species, infects the nail or nail bed. It starts as a yellow or white spot under the nail and can progress to discoloration, thickening, and brittle edges. This condition can be painful and unsightly. Left untreated, the infection can result in permanent damage to the nail and/or the nail bed.
Causes
Pinpointing where a fungal infection is contracted can be challenging since fungi flourish anywhere that's warm and moist. Common sources include showers, bathroom floors, sweaty shoes, locker rooms, and pools. These spaces promote fungal growth. Poor nail breathability, such as from nail polish or fake nails, may also raise the risk of nail infections.
Spread
Transmission of fungal infections may occur through the sharing of towels and personal grooming items, such as clippers and files. Individuals affected by athlete’s foot are at risk for the fungus transferring from the skin to the nails. Furthermore, diminished blood circulation can elevate the risk of infection due to the body's decreased ability to recognize and respond effectively to pathogens.
Prevention
Maintain good hygiene and thoroughly dry cleaned areas to keep moisture away, reducing the risk of fungal infection.
Risk Level
Higher risk occurs in older adults, people with psoriasis, frequent exposure to warm or damp places, barefoot walking in public areas, athlete’s foot, or skin/nail injuries. Individuals with diabetes, circulatory issues, or weakened immune systems are more vulnerable.
Treatment
Various treatment options to cure nail fungus are available including surgical removal, oral medication and topical treatments. A specialist can surgically remove the nail and the fungus below. This is expensive, painful and invasive, but highly effective. Various prescription pills are available which can address nail fungus. These medications are not 100% effective and involve some risk of liver damage. There are a number of topical creams that claim to treat toenail fungus. Only a small number of formulations have been found to be effective, but if the correct product is chosen this is by far the safest and least invasive form of toenail fungus treatment. This is also least expensive form of treatment.